Discuss the main causes and effects of gun crime in the USA Essay

Discuss the main causes and effects of gun crime in the USA - Essay Example Doctors in such hospitals are appealing to the government to control the way it issues guns to the public (Boseley, 2013, p.1). This paper looks at the major causes of gun crimes and its effect to the American population. One of the causes of gun crimes is the uncontrolled offer of guns to the public by the government. The government makes it easy for people to access guns for private use (Boseley, 2013, p.1). When people get the guns easily they are likely to misuse them in purposes that are not related to personal safety. Further, the fact that the government has reduced regulation on gun accessibility makes criminals easily access them for their activities. This has made it challenging for the government to control the manner people use their guns. Another cause of increased gun crimes is the belief by the people that acquiring private guns makes them safer (Boseley, 2013, p.1). People in United States think that owning a gun is important if they are to protect their families and their properties. This increases the number of individuals who own guns in the country per household. In fact, when the number of individuals owning private guns increases, people become less secure (Stray, 2013, p.1). This is from the fact that some people settle their differences using the guns which result in injuries or deaths. Actually, instead of guns enhancing personal security and safety, it is increasing insecurity in the country (Stray, 2013, p.1). In addition, issues of mental illness have contributed to increased gun crimes in the United States. When people with mental illness have easy accessibility of guns, they are likely to use them to commit crimes unwillingly (Boseley, 2013, p.1). Mentally ill persons are likely to use guns as toys which end up harming others, especially if they are not monitored by sober people. Mentally ill persons also lack the ability to reason on what is right for them and thus

The length of an electrically conductive metal wire Essay Example for Free

The length of an electrically conductive metal wire Essay The results of the experiment, however, do not adhere to the direct proportionality relationship predicted in the hypothesis. In the hypothesis a zero value for wire length is predicted to induce a zero value for wire resistance. Intuitively, this should be the case. However, regardless of what linear line of regression one examines from the ones plotted, it is obvious that the experiment indicates the existence of electric resistance even when the wire has no length. This result is indicated through the intersection of the regression curves with positive Y values. The zero length resistance varies from 0. 02 to 0. 0578 ohms. The existence of errors in the experiment, namely systematic ones, may help explain the result. Errors The method for the experiment contained some errors. Some of those are evident when examining the results of the experiment. Others are very small, and did not have a great effect on the final outcomes. The most prominent source of error had to do with the existence of additional resistance in the circuit used. The metal wire used, since it wasnt a wire meant for electrical circuits, naturally offered the greatest resistance to current flow. Nevertheless, the connecting wires also contained some inevitable resistance. Additionally, the ammeter, and power supply also had some internal resistance (the voltmeter did as well, but this is necessary for the procurement of accurate voltage values). Since current flowed through all those, the resistance values obtained did not represent solely the resistance of the metal wire. This probably explains the systematic error foreboded in the conclusion. The existence of resistance in other pieces of apparatus except the metal wire allowed for the possibility of resistance even when the metal wire would have no length. Another source of error existed in the measurement of the wire length used in the circuit. The metal wire used was manipulated to assume a straight form. However, even after it was firmly attached to a table, it was not fully stretched. In some of the cases, it may have bent slightly, making the total wire length greater than what was measured. This could have contributed some additional, and unwanted, resistance to the wire. After all, a longer wire offers more resistance to current flow. Altogether, an addition to the systematic overestimation of the resistance of the metal wire also came from this error source. Though negligible, some error could have sprung from the heating of the wire used. As current was allowed to flow through the metal wire, atoms of the wire collided with the electrons flowing, causing the wire to heat up. If the wire werent allowed to cool down before another measurement was taken, then it would have posed additional resistance to the subsequent current flows, since resistance rises with temperature. Again, the method used in this experiment allowed for the existence of additional resistance in the wire that was not taken into account. Improvements In light of the errors noted, or for the need to perfect other experiments of the same type, improvements to the method can be offered. Firstly, the error involving the length of the metal wire could be minimized in two ways. Either a much more flexible wire could be used for the allowance of a straighter metal wire, or a greater effort could be made to stretch the existent wire so that it is much more straight. In both ways, the length measured for the metal wire would be more representative of the actual length being used. Another improvement could deal with minimizing the existence of additional resistance in the circuit besides that of the metal wire examined. This could be done in several ways. The connecting wires used could be shorter, meaning their resistance would be smaller. A power supply and ammeter with smaller internal resistances could also be used. In either of the cases, additional resistance in the circuit would decrease, and the systematic error in resistance minimized. Finally, though not too necessary, it is possible to improve the experiment by minimizing resistance distortions due to temperature increases. A simple way would be to wait at least 3 minutes between each current flow induced through the wire. This way, the whole circuit together with the wire itself would have time to cool down. Wire temperature would hence not be a factor distorting the resistance values being measured, as it would be more or less the same in all measurements. Nevertheless, it may be that the distortions to resistance values caused by temperature increase are so small that this improvement on the whole is futile. Another minor improvement to the method would be the use of a switch. This way, current flow could be initiated and stopped on demand (i. e. immediately). It would be of course necessary to use a switch that offers little resistance. Otherwise, the current construction of the circuit is preferable.

Reflection Report And Learning From An Experience Education Essay

Reflection Report And Learning From An Experience Education Essay The reflection report is a form of thinking, how to analyze based on knowledge and feeling. As a manager self analyze to think about weakness and strengths. In this report, it is need to focus on communication skills, time management, scope management, risk management, analysis, self motivation and management (self judgment, self evaluation, self reaction, and self satisfaction), problem solving, team effectiveness and project planning. The main objectives of this report are needed to discuss and focus on following element: Life long learning after this dissertation course experience Experience and Importance of group work and relationship with team members Importance to keep daily dairy for long run projects such as dissertations, research work reports or any long technical projects. Reflection is a series of step to note down for future reference and help Importance of analysis and research we did for our project- processing of running project Quality of work related to topic Tutor and group members suggestion and advises then note down in reflection dairy Basically reflective knowledge is a method to examine him/her self internally and deeply and finding out the issue of nervousness, settle down by the experience which creates the meaning of self. And learns from the same repeating experience and changed him/her self effectively by the result of experiences. Reflection practice is the form of self awareness and self appraisal and describes the result and outcomes of persons actions. Recollection of Experiences (Weekly Detailed Dairy) Week Date Activity 01 14 -06-2010 First week, we attended the introduction session of AMP Module given by Vincent Ong, and learnt how to write a report and how to follow the format etc from supportive tutor. After that Academic Liaison Librarian has give the detailed information about way to put the referencing in our report and module handbook of AMP was provided to all of us. Next day activity was about the plagiarism and turnitinUK. JBK explained us regarding paraphrasing and feature of turnitinUK. They also helped us in search of related articles from digital library. First time, I have learnt that how to put key words in advance search and get the journals and articles called rational research to identity and support our work. Rob explained us about the reflection report and how it is relevant with our report and what makes a good reflection report and what should be the structure of report. After that we have collected handbook of AMP topic. During this week we have formed a group of 10 members as we all previously worked together so we knew each other. One thing in our favor that working with known group members will reduce time taken to start performing and understanding of each frame of work. Beginning of this week we all felt excited and optimistic. As we received information about work we became more apprehensive, confused and uncertain and our topic also made us very uncertain and anxious. But after two days brain storming with group members and detailed discussion with tutor reassured us, and gave us clarification and showed right direction. In general we learnt that wide range of resources and journals are available in our library; it was analyzed that without the tutor guidance may be we would be on the wrong direction. We also understand the importance of referencing. How to comparing and contrasting the material from different authors and importance of sharing ideas as well as we understand the importance of secondary research. Learned about the importance of the time management in project and proper referencing; may be some problem will be encountered during the project like in personal planning and in managing a group. Learning solution in this week would be like how to find relevant information more effectively and learned the need to maintained records about daily activities of progress. 02 21-06-2010 . This week, I have read the handbooks and all material given by tutor. Two articles in handbook are very much helpful for understanding the topic. Today we start our project; we did research and found 5-6 articles about target market selection and difference between B2B and B2C practices. Facing much difficulty in research about the relevant topic because our topic is much tricky and confusing. After two day struggling and with different key words as suggested by tutor, we came at one point of start. Need to understand the synthesis Main Report like how to draw evidence and evaluate and present our own thoughts in Report. It was advised that the main report should be synthesis rather than descriptive. A lot of hurdles came while searching the topics. To day I got some useful articles and after reading got some useful points of my requirements. This week we had a meeting on Friday to solve the issues regarding the understanding of topics and their key wordings for search. 03 28-06-2010 This week, feeling much difficulty while reading, reviewing and comparing the articles of different authors and different sides regarding my topic and key words. Before start writing the literature review, I must needs to understand and study the Harvard System for proper referencing. So Google it and find and understand the many ways of putting referencing for article, journals and books such as articles with missing date, missing authors name , with more than one or two authors work etc. Today, I started my work on dissertation and I made a folder of my all downloaded article and took the print and read two of them then make the synthesize point from them I have been started my work from literature review which is the main body of the report in which we needs to put our ability to produce a quality of work there. I had written my synthesis point from two articles. This week we had a 2nd meeting on Friday to solve the issues regarding the understanding of topics and share some ideas as well as searched article with each other also our project manager send us some useful topic related to inviting tender of technological solutions. I have decided to divide my work chapter wise as guided us by our AMP module Coordinator. So we come the point that work should be start from literature review section. 04 05-07-2010 Today I got my result; I had passed my in all modules. Thanks to Almighty GOD. Today I also review the one more article which is presented in an international conference regarding issues related to ICT facing by SMEs companies. So extract some main point from this article and note down. In our meeting we discussed about the difference between E-business and E-commence, it found about a detailed reading that e-commence is linked to the B2B and e-business is linked with B2C. Moreover from studies one thing come out that is digital-related products and digital-unrelated product. Our project team leader explained and clearly differentiated that digitally related product i.e. software applications, mobile phones, digital cameras were more suitable for e-commerce, and more easily sold over the internet unlike digitally unrelated products like furniture where consumers must want examine physically before a purchase is made. We also discussed and studied further on the key issues and consideration regarding the tender invitation for website development solution. 05 12-07-2010 In literature review, comparison of all researchers and authors work relevant to topic is very much difficult and different nature of work for me. It is noticed that all researcher focusing the similar issue that affecting the operation while company is moving to B2C market and suggests the same requirement and key consideration. As I am having the first experience at this level of literature review and work but it is much interested and knowledgeable effort for me. It is very easy to divert from the original topic during the literature reviewing process. Felt much difficulty like diversion from my original topic in this part of work. May God help me to do this in good and best ways related to exact topic requirement. 06 19-07-2010 This week I was not able to work on my report due to my some personal engagement and some family issues so I was out of station. 07 26-07-2010 This week, I started to understand and revise some articles and documents on tendering. As I need to understand that how to invite the tender for technological and software solutions. Issues come up while writing on inviting tenders for technological solution. Because invitation of tenders for technical and non technical solution are much confusing and related work. But feel like interesting as I am having the new expertise and expertise in this new area of tendering. I dont have any experience of reading such type of documents. As I was stuck on the step of inviting tender so today I consulted with the team leader of our group so she help me out in understanding of this specific point that what are the key requirement for inviting the tenders as I was thinking on the format like that regarding tendering but she solved my issue and sent some articles for literature review related to this. She is very much helping person and nice lady and she should be a good team leader in future. 08 02-08-2010 Confusion- writing on invite tender for web development that whether it should b E-tendering or normal traditional way. Another issue that I was facing that in most of tendering article there is no proper author or researcher name. Mostly the company and organizational name are mentioned while inviting tender for the technological or software solutions. Got some article and journal on tendering and outsourcing the IT related work and technological solution. This week I have made my final schedule and divide the days till final review of report and how to close my work within the month of august. Understand and learnt about the use of indexing in table of contents in MSWord; how to use the proper referencing. 09 09-08-2010 This week I met with my one of the group member in LRC and discussed about the e-book refereeing and how many references we can use and whether mostly should be journals articles and could be from any where else? So she suggested that we should email to Peter Godwin as well as we get some information from LR guide or referring within digital library. After that we discussed about recommendations on topic. Should we need to suggest or put some recommendation related to our kind of work? This week, I got some good article but this is my targeted week in my time table to finish all the literature review and writing. And should be focus and emphasized on the synthesis, analysis and comparison of the report in last 3 week. This week, I need to scale down and windup my all review work. Today is the end of this week and I have closed my literature review writing and my next stage is to syntheses the report and exacts the key point for analysis and discussion. 10 16-08-2010 Today I have started my work on review of my work with detailed and syntheses point of view. Feel some ambiguity regarding references in analysis and discuss stage that whether we need to put the Harvard reference within the analysis and discussion portion like we did in literature review or not? To resolve this issue I put an email to our team member and waiting of there reply. 11 23-08-2010 This week is very much tough and crucial as I totally put my effort on the revision and focus on my whole work and balance the report in a proper flow and come out with corrected some mistakes After that I can better focus working on the conclusion and recommendation of the topic. Today end of this week, I wrote down my conclusion and recommendation. 12 30-08-2010 Working on reflection analysis report and syntheses my all work into final version. Recompiled daily dairy log of my all 3 month works Personal feelings and learning from the experience Research work is really very much interesting but time consuming. I spend my neat hours and hours on this report and this work should be helpful and very much supportive for my future work and learning at this level and above this. Meetings and regular Google talk and email exchange about AMP report work, experiences and discussion with group members. Some major difficulties were come in front while reviewing the literature like comparison of all researchers and authors work regarding my topic. As it is noticed that all researcher focusing the similar issue that affecting the operation while moving to B2C market and suggests the same requirement and key consideration for outsourcing processes. As I was having the first time experience at this level of literature review and work but it was much interested and knowledgeable effort for me. I enjoy a lot with my work and feel much happy at this stage and got much knowledge from last three month efforts. That how to make the comparison of other authors work and note down in own my wordings. It was very easy to divert from the original track during literature reviewing phase as well as in writing the report process. My God help me out to do this thing in good and best ways that I was linked to my topic. Issue regarding literature review and other relevant work are resolved very smoothly with the help of all my group members collective participation and efforts. We had arranged the meetings until all the members are cleared and much satisfied with the understanding of topic and data collection as we had three weekly groups meeting with team leader after the AMP week. My team was very much generous with the commitment and time punctuality. My contribution was also remarkable as well and I was linked with my group members all the time 24/7 through email, facebook and mobile. And I was much satisfied with my work and with group members response. Group Dynamics and Learning from the experience Here I must mention one thing that my current AMP group members are not fresh new members. We were having same group in all our previous course work. So we were much comfortable with each other and knew each other frame of mind and algorithm of work. And we understand the group dynamics and responsibilities. As a whole I didnt feel any problem in my work with my members. Since I was linked with my group members all the time 24/7 through email, mobile and all the group members were much satisfied with my contribution and with my quick response on any issue related to our work. I fulfill my all responsibilities that were given by our team leader. Out supervisor consultancy was very much helpful for us regarding the understanding the actual topic and how to search the relevant material from digital library. He did very level best to solve our issues. I learnt that the group work is very much effective and helpful for this type of big projects as the work is distributed and every member come up with good and different ideas and knowledge. And the project will meet the deadlines very smoothly. Lessons for the future Projects The lesson learned dairy was kept in order to bring all the lessons together that we learnt during the dissertation work, which would be the guideline for other future projects. The weekly diary was updated whenever I have learned some thing new during the project whether it was positive or negative lesson. From experience with the proper management of work start to end and all the group members cooperation; many positive and good lessons was learned for future projects. Such as weekly meetings, time management and good communication with members will push up our progress. With a good time management, now we have a lot of time for quality review and correction before the deadline. I learnt very much from group work experience as it will help me out in increasing good management skill and to achieve the objectives according to prefix quality standards within the time constrains through the planning and good control especially at initial stage. Daily log helped me out to plan and schedule the weekly tasks and overall progress of my work. Following are the key lessons I have learned for future project as a group. Good understanding and friendly work environment. meetings with group members and weekly dairy and should be maintained Time management and planning Good communication and updates sharing. Conclusion The project was managed very calmly and smoothly with help of supervisors guidelines from the first stage and good teams effective communication via (email, phone and weekly meetings) motivation, planning and time management, risk management and most important is self management and motivation. Each team members was very much delegated, punctual and showed their responsibility. The tool of weekly dairy helped me out to align and monitor my each stage and there objectives. We received the feedback and make the updates with weekly group meeting at the start. However, with good time management and understanding of work, our group members met the deadlines but we faced few issues and hurdles regarding understand of topic and search of relevant material like e-article, e-journal and books. But with effective communication between all members via meetings, email, phone all the risks and issues will be overcomes with the time beings. Finally, my project was successfully finished with the mercy of Almighty God and the equal contribution of all team members at there level best and my mothers prayer was with me all the time. At the end, I believed that good management skill and supportive project leader as well as enough support from the supervisor in AMP Week were the reasons for no major issues, hurdles, and deviations from the track. As good management and clear communication helped out greatly to avoid the likely issues and conflicts as every team members were aware of their own deadlines and their own responsibility. I must appreciate this new method of self recording of our daily work for such type of long project which kept us on right path and lesson for time management and reflection of our work for future prospects. I am much satisfied with my work at this stage and learnt a lot for future things as this whole experience of UK changes my lifestyle and it was the lifelong learning for me.

Beautiful by Christina Aguilera Essay example -- Music Essays

"I am beautiful no matter what they say words can't bring me down I am beautiful in every single way yes, words can't bring me down so don't you bring me down today" - Christina Aguilera What exactly does Christina Aguilera try to convey? According to her words along with personal interviews of the true meaning of this stanza in her song, Beautiful, Christina Aguilera approaches the reader and listener with her profound emotions. She perceives that through immense pressure and criticism, she is still "beautiful." Her tone in this song is at first mellow, but when she comes to the stanza of this song, she deliberately raises her voice to emphasize her genuine feelings. The tone describes her want and need for her thoughts to be truly heard. She wants the listener to capture her essence and the view of herself. In this specific stanza, she explains that s...

Do You Like Surprises ? Why?

To be surprised is for the flow of life to reach you personally, to be a participant in the unpredictability of life, for better or for worse. To never be surprised is to live an incredibly sheltered life, or to be completely insensitive to the ebb and flow of live around you. I often like to be surprise even from the childhood. My surprises come just on holidays such as St. Nicholas or Santa Claus.I remember when my parents tried for years to make for us my holiday surprises, like putting at foot tree or in boots various gifts that always surprises me with joy. Lately, when I got married my husband was the one who started to make for me different surprises, surprised me with things material or spiritual. I remember with nostalgia, when I was kid looking forward to the winter holidays? to receive gifts. I have long believed in Santa Claus a holiday and in holy Romanian Orthodox calendar, where it comes my name â€Å"Nicoleta†.I love more than Santa Claus because my mom always surprises me with gifts twice. Once she put it in my shoes toy, candy, and later surprised me with cake, cookies, and we celebrate a birthday with neighbor’s children or from school that were my guest’s surprise. Nowadays, although I grew up with my mother surprised with call or gifts when we are closed. My husband the second person in my life who conquered surprises me is my husband. He fell in love with me since the first moment of surprise.We have met on the Internet, and the first surprise that I did it after two months of online conversation was coming to Romania to see me. Of course, he came laden with gifts for the whole family, although we do not knew very well. I thought he was a nice gesture and I took it as a charity. Another surprise was when he comeback next time with Engagement ring and he asked me to be his wife. However, after that come more, and more surprises from his part and my life became changes. In conclusion, I like to make surprises as well as to accept them,

Managing children on watching television

Managing children on watching television The definition for television is a system for transmitting visual images and sound that are reproduced on screens, primarily used to broadcast programs for entertainment, information, and education. The history of television comprises the work of numerous engineers and inventors in several countries over many decades. The first practical demonstrations of television, however, were developed using electromechanical methods to scan, transmit, and reproduce an image.As electronic camera and display tubes were perfected, electromechanical television gave way to ll-electronic systems in nearly all applications. Commercially available since the late 1920s, the television set has become commonplace in homes, businesses and institutions, particularly as a vehicle for advertising, a source of entertainment, and news. In 2009 78 percent of the world's households owned at least one television set, an increase of 5% over 2003. Television can be used in ma ny ways, such as entertainment, information, and education.Television can be bad but it can be good if we know how to manage with it. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry states that television viewing can be a powerful influence in eveloping value systems and shaping behavior. Most of us are aware that Sesame Street teaches children who are ready for it, letters and numbers. Research on children's behavior, school performance, weight, sleeping habits, and brain development back up the assertion that TV is harming our children.Violent behavior, research has shown that the more hours children spend watching TV, the more likely they are to display aggressive impulses and hostile feelings. This effect has been found to apply whether the televised behavior is performed by a human or by a cartoon character. And aggressive impulses have been found to occur with girls s well as boys and with teenagers and adults as well as children. There are also other behavior that alm ost likely to occur when we let our children watch television such as, kids who watch more TV start smoking at an earlier age, exposure to alcohol use on TV and in music videos (such as on MTV).As a parents what can we do to teach our children to view television as a treat or special entertainment. Many of the following suggestions come from the American Academy of Pediatrics, the first one is observe, how do our children act after watching television? Do the certain behavior increase or decrease? After observing you can decide whether to eliminate certain program or not, short term effects are easier to observe but, long term effects are far more difficult.Listen to our child also can help them to share what are they thinking about the show and let them share their feeling about, by listening we also can ask question and help them to think about what theyVe seen, process it, and clarify values. Monitor the shows children and adolescents are viewing, most programs should be informat ional, educational, and nonviolent. Choose shows that engage through challenging and interesting content, rather than flashy graphics and oise. Make sure programs are age and developmentally appropriate.Provide alternatives, when your child says I'm bored, does it become your problem? Or is it an incentive for your child to be creative? Are the raw materials for creativity available? hobbies, and creative play. There are lots of ways to manage children on watching TV shows. We Just need to learn and do research about how to manage rather than shut the TV and ask your children to study. There is a way to do it. Lastly, manage your children on watching TV well is the key to control their behavior.

Free Essays on Jimmys Trip

â€Å"Wait!† was the first word that came to Jimmy’s mind when he found out about the new life ahead of him. This is his story. Jimmy was born and raised in the country. His mother died when he was young so it was just Jimmy and his dad. At school Jimmy was always top of the class and always got his work handed in on time. His father ran a small business from home selling bathroom and kitchen products. Since Jimmy knew his dad didn’t make much out of the business he never asked for anything he didn’t need and always supported his father’s new ideas. Jimmy knew deep down that his father’s business was going down the drain even though he would never say anything. One morning the phone rang and Jimmy answered. It was a call Jimmy knew was coming but had not been looking forward to. He thought he should be happy but it was too much for him. He wanted to tell his father how he felt and that he wanted to stay in the country. But his father was thrilled and Jimmy couldn’t hurt him like that. His dad had been offered a job with a high profile city company. After applying for work with them many times he had finally worked his way to the top of the waiting list and was in. This would mean leaving the small country town and moving onto a small block in a busy city. Although this seemed like the end to Jimmy he never complained even when his father asked him if he was okay with it. Jimmy knew he would be moving anyway so he figured there was no reason to hurt his father’s feelings by telling him the truth. Still Jimmy didn’t want to go. The trip from the country down to the city was a long and tiring journey. In no time at all Jimmy found himself unpacking his belongings in a small white unfamiliar room with one little window through which all he could see was the neighbours outside wall. As the move had come at the start of the summer holidays Jimmy had the couple of months to settle in and around the neighbourhood and ... Free Essays on Jimmy's Trip Free Essays on Jimmy's Trip â€Å"Wait!† was the first word that came to Jimmy’s mind when he found out about the new life ahead of him. This is his story. Jimmy was born and raised in the country. His mother died when he was young so it was just Jimmy and his dad. At school Jimmy was always top of the class and always got his work handed in on time. His father ran a small business from home selling bathroom and kitchen products. Since Jimmy knew his dad didn’t make much out of the business he never asked for anything he didn’t need and always supported his father’s new ideas. Jimmy knew deep down that his father’s business was going down the drain even though he would never say anything. One morning the phone rang and Jimmy answered. It was a call Jimmy knew was coming but had not been looking forward to. He thought he should be happy but it was too much for him. He wanted to tell his father how he felt and that he wanted to stay in the country. But his father was thrilled and Jimmy couldn’t hurt him like that. His dad had been offered a job with a high profile city company. After applying for work with them many times he had finally worked his way to the top of the waiting list and was in. This would mean leaving the small country town and moving onto a small block in a busy city. Although this seemed like the end to Jimmy he never complained even when his father asked him if he was okay with it. Jimmy knew he would be moving anyway so he figured there was no reason to hurt his father’s feelings by telling him the truth. Still Jimmy didn’t want to go. The trip from the country down to the city was a long and tiring journey. In no time at all Jimmy found himself unpacking his belongings in a small white unfamiliar room with one little window through which all he could see was the neighbours outside wall. As the move had come at the start of the summer holidays Jimmy had the couple of months to settle in and around the neighbourhood and ...

How to Make a Cloud Chamber

How to Make a Cloud Chamber Although you cannot see it, background radiation is all around us. Natural (and harmless) sources of radiation include cosmic rays, radioactive decay from elements in rocks, and even radioactive decay from elements in living organisms. A cloud chamber is a simple device that allows us to see the passage of ionizing radiation. In other words, it allows for indirect observation of radiation. The device is also known as a Wilson cloud chamber, in honor of its inventor, Scottish physicist Charles Thomson Rees Wilson. Discoveries made using a cloud chamber and a related device called a bubble chamber led to the 1932 discovery of the positron, the 1936 discovery of the muon, and the 1947 discovery of the kaon. How a Cloud Chamber Works There are different types of cloud chambers. The diffusion-type cloud chamber is the easiest to construct. Basically, the device consists of a sealed container that is made warm on the top and cold on the bottom. The cloud inside the container is made of alcohol vapor (e.g., methanol, isopropyl alcohol). The warm top part of the chamber vaporizes the alcohol. The vapor cools as it falls and condenses on the cold bottom. The volume between the top and bottom is a cloud of supersaturated vapor. When an energetic charged particle (the radiation) passes through the vapor, it leaves an ionization trail. The alcohol and water molecules in the vapor are polar, so they are attracted to ionized particles. Because the vapor is supersaturated, when the molecules move closer, they condense into misty droplets that fall toward the bottom of the container. The path of the trail can be traced back to the origin of the radiation source. Make a Homemade Cloud Chamber Only a few simple materials are needed to construct a cloud chamber: Clear glass or plastic container with lid99% Isopropyl alcoholDry iceInsulated container (e.g., a foam cooler)Absorbent materialBlack paperVery bright flashlightSmall bowl of warm water A good container might be a large empty peanut butter jar. Isopropyl alcohol is available at most pharmacies as rubbing alcohol. Make sure its 99% alcohol. Methanol also works for this project, but it is much more toxic. The absorbent material could be a sponge or piece of felt. An LED flashlight works well for this project, but you can also use the flashlight on your smartphone. Youll also want your phone handy to take pictures of the tracks in the cloud chamber. Start by stuffing a piece of sponge into the bottom of the jar. You want a snug fit so it wont fall when the jar is inverted later on. If necessary, a bit of clay or gum can help stick the sponge to the jar. Avoid tape or glue, since the alcohol may dissolve it.Cut the black paper to cover the inside of the lid. Black paper eliminates reflection and is slightly absorbent. If the paper doesnt stay in place when the lid is sealed, stick it to the lid using clay or gum. Set the paper-lined lid aside for now.Pour isopropyl alcohol into the jar so that the sponge is completely saturated, but there isnt excess liquid. The easiest way to do this is to add alcohol until there is liquid and then pour the excess out.Seal the lid of the jar.In a room that can be made completely dark (e.g., a closet or bathroom without windows), pour dry ice into a cooler. Turn the jar upside down and place it lid-down onto the dry ice. Give the jar about 10 minutes to chill.Set a small dish of warm water on top of the cloud chamber (onto the bottom of the jar). The warm water heats the alcohol to form a cloud of vapor. Finally, turn off all the lights. Shine a flashlight through the side of the cloud chamber. Youll see visible tracks in the cloud as ionizing radiation enters and leaves the jar. Safety Considerations Even though isopropyl alcohol is safer than methanol, its still toxic if you drink it and its highly flammable. Keep it away from a heat source or open flame.Dry ice is cold enough to cause frostbite on contact. It should be handled using gloves. Also, dont store dry ice in a sealed container, as pressure build-up as the solid sublimates into gas can cause an explosion. Things to Try If you have a radioactive source, place it near the cloud chamber and see the effect of the increased radiation. Some everyday materials are radioactive, such as brazil nuts, bananas, clay kitty litter, and vaseline glass.A cloud chamber offers an excellent opportunity to test methods of shielding against radiation. Place different materials between your radioactive source and the cloud chamber. Examples might include a baggie of water, a piece of paper, your hand, and a sheet of metal. Which is best at shielding against radiation?Try applying a magnetic field to the cloud chamber. Positive and negative charged particles will curve in opposite directions in response to the field. Cloud Chamber Versus Bubble Chamber A bubble chamber is another type of radiation detector based on the same principle as the cloud chamber. The difference is that bubble chambers used superheated liquid rather than supersaturated vapor. A bubble chamber is made by filling a cylinder with a liquid just above its boiling point. The most common liquid is liquid hydrogen. Usually, a magnetic field is applied to the chamber so that ionizing radiation travels in a spiral path according to its speed and charge-to-mass ratio. Bubble chambers may be larger than cloud chambers and can be used to track more energetic particles.

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Strategic Management - Essay Example An organization performs poorly when there is low climax in the cyclical marketplace. In order to augment the demand for services and products in mature markets, companies will result into restructuring. Through restructuring, an organization anticipates enhancing of the products or services in the market. Mature product marketplaces are a factor of all product lifecycles. After the initial fast growth period is complete, sales will persist to increase but at a slower rate (Thompson & Martin 2010, p. 383). Predicaments associated with mature markets comprise; increased threat of rivals capturing market share, slower expenditure recovery, and risk of products budging into the decline phases of product lifecycle. Once entire product marketplaces go into maturity, there is petite scope for expansion through innovation since the marketplace is already saturated. However, it is significant for every technology based corporations to retain research and expansion expenditure with an aim of sustaining a competitive advantage and keeping up with rivals. In a mature market, possibilities for expansion become significantly limited; alternatives comprise exploiting fresh markets and tactics to endeavor capturing rivals’ marketplace share. Maturity of markets increases the significance of brand names. Caterpillar has an advantage of a tremendously well established and globally known product name (Thompson & Martin 2010, p. 385). Until 1990, the organizational structure of Caterpillar paid attention to functional areas for instance accounting, manufacturing and engineering. The notion was that if every functional area attained its objectives and goals, the client would be satisfied and the firm prosperous. In mid-1990, the company... This paper stresses that the positive effects exceeded the negative effects on performance since the introduction of fresh performance measures and restructuring of the organization resulted to enhancement of the market, financial and productive performance of the company. The development of fresh performance assessment measures a reorganization of business units enabled Caterpillar to achieve its chief goals. The restructuring and execution of the fresh performance assessment system enabled Caterpillar to increase flexibility, responsiveness and customer focus. This report makes a conclusion that Caterpillar Inc. is the global dominant producer of mining and construction equipment, industrial gas turbines, natural gas and diesel engines, and diesel-electric trains. The corporation is also a dominant services provider through Caterpillar Remanufacturing Services, Caterpillar Financial and Progress Rail. In 1990s, the company initiated restructuring process in order to enhance its performance. The restructuring process was largely influenced by the fact Caterpillar products were operating in mature and cyclical markets. The new strategy, which was adopted by the company in 1990s positively, transformed the financial, market and productive performance. However, the new strategy had negative spillover effects on the performance of the company although the impact was not substantial. In 2010, the company adopted a new business tactic, which has enhanced its performance and competitiveness especially in developing economies.

Quality management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Quality management - Essay Example Nurses and healthcare professionals should understand appropriate patient standards. They are expected to implement them in spite of their personal opinions or preferences. I believe that the quality of care is determined by finding the right balance between the possibilities realized and the existing framework of norms and values. As a result, the quality of care not only depends on the attitude of the nurse, but it is also influenced by the organizational culture in the healthcare institution (Weston & Roberts, 2013). The observation is influenced by a realization that the quality of care is determined by multiple factors such as the standards established by the healthcare industry. During my CRT clinical experience, I witnessed one example that provides an opportunity to evaluate the quality of care given in that instance. The case involved a teenage girl who had been admitted to the hospital after a failed abortion attempt. The patient was bleeding and in a lot of pain. When she arrived, the available nurses and doctors surrounded her. They administered preliminary medication to ease her pain and stop the bleeding. Then they wheeled her to an operating room where an attempt was made to save her life. The operation took about four hours. Although the doctors stated that she would not be able to have a child in the future, they had succeeded in saving her life. The patient was clearly traumatized by the whole experience. The nurse in charge tried to find information about her. She had been brought to the hospital by two female friends and a male friend. After informing her parents, the nurse called the police to report the incident. Another nurse tried to initiate a conversation with the patient when she could talk. The nurse could spend a lot of time talking to her. As time progressed, I could see that the patient was more open and smiling. The parents were asked to

Euro Crisis in terms of the Greek Debt Issue Research Paper

Euro Crisis in terms of the Greek Debt Issue - Research Paper Example This aspect caught the government of Greece unawares because the expenditure that had been made on the defense equipments was so high meaning that the rest of the country’s economy had been under budgeted. The major economic sources that comprised of tourism and the shipping industry were adversely affected by the economic deterioration that had hit all parts of the world. Lack of monetary fund to plan and budget for the governmental and non-governments needs arose in 2010. This caused the government of Greece to request for a loan in late April in the year 2010 from the European Union and International Monetary Fund (IMF) so that it could be able to cater for its needs and the needs of its citizens. Researchers announced few days after the issuing of the loan that the Greek government could not be able to repay the loan thus the investors that have invested in the Greek government and companies risked losing almost half of their investments. This announcement caused fear amon g the investors, existing and willing investors, and they withdrew from their original plans to avoid further losses. Effects of the crisis of Greece The Greek government had to introduce drastic measures that led to the infliction of high economic standards to the citizens of Greece in May that year. The high cost of living and low-income rates due to high taxes and other governmental requirements made the Greek citizens to have a series of peaceful protests, which later turned into social instability and riots in Greece. The International Monetary Fund in conjunction with European Union intervened and added an additional loan to the Greek government in 2011 on condition that it could regulate the flow of money and economy (James, 2001). In addition, Greece was supposed to come up with a structure of repaying the loan. This structure was to be produced by the Greek government and agreed upon by the International Monetary Fund, European Union and the Greek government. The European U nion gave pressure to the prime minister of Greece due to the improper management and governance during his regime and threatened to withdrawal part of the loan that they were supposed to process for the Greek government. This led to George Papandreou step down to give room for an election of a new and focused regime to cover for the damages caused and give room for more external and internal donations and loans. The resigning of the prime minister caused or led to the release of the percent of the loan that had remained and the appointment of an interim prime minister to take control of the debt repayment and proper use of allocated funds. Scholars and economic analysts has been following up the case of the Greek economic break down and that of the European Union and are suggesting a possible break through for the European nations. The economic analysts are suggesting that the Greek government should stop using Euros and bring back its former currency, drachma, as its currency unti l it stabilizes. However, this would result in a political and economical instability and deterioration (Drazen, 2011). Some scholars argue that the reintroduction of the drachma would result to a more than 50% fall in its value if Greece chose to drop the use of Euro. This would mean that that the Greek government would suffer from high rates of inflation and there are possibilities of riots, military coups and war. In order to avoid this outcome, the

Of Ocado Chief Executive Tim Steiner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Of Ocado Chief Executive Tim Steiner - Essay Example wastage include indicating a â€Å"use by† label on their products and donating foods that exceed the guaranteed product life but are within product’s â€Å"use by† dates. Carbon emission and food wastage reduction are important initiatives because they uphold a clean and safe environment that benefits businesses and the community at large. Ocado takes deliberate initiatives to reward and appreciate its employees. The company’s employee benefits package includes allowing its employees to own its share with an aim to give them a sense of ownership over the company. It does this through its Ocado Sharesave Scheme that enables employees to save and own shares proportional to their savings. This is an important element of corporate social responsibility because employees are crucial to the success of any business. Charitable donations are an important element of Ocado’s corporate social responsibility. It has a charity committee that organizes events and devices ways of raising funds. Ocado has given to Macmillan Cancer Support, British Heart Foundation and NSPCC. Charitable donations show a company’s selflessness and

What Are Human Rights and How Far are States Concerned to Promote or Essay

What Are Human Rights and How Far are States Concerned to Promote or Protect Them - Essay Example Democracy is the ideology whose main basis is ensuring equality for all and since many countries exercise democracy or its many variations, it means that many attempt to protect the human rights for the people under their protection. There is a direct correlation between the level of human rights protection and democracy, such that the closer to an ideal democracy a country is, the higher its likelihood of upholding high standards of human rights.1 This essay defines human rights, states the role of the state in upholding high human rights standards, and analyses Iceland and Pakistan and their levels of human rights protection. Definition of Human Rights By virtue of being human beings, people are entitled to rights and freedoms that should be universally accepted and available for everyone. In national and international laws, human rights exist as natural or legal rights; if they are not stated in the constitution, they are natural rights; otherwise, they are known as legal rights.2 Most public policies are based on the doctrine of human rights, including international and regional institutions, state policies, and activities of non-governmental organizations. However, due to the strong claims made for ideal human rights, they are hard to implement in they entirety, especially considering that many countries are just emerging from dictatorial and colonial rule. Moreover, it is not even clear what the term right means, mainly because in order to adhere to some of these rights, some people have to be favored over others. For instance, everyone has the right to a decent life; this means that states have to favor the unemployed people in an attempt to give them a life that is comparable to those who are employed. In any case, people believe they are entitled to some rights and privileges by virtue of their age, gender and economic status among other factors. Role of the State The state is responsible for enforcing the human rights of the people within its jurisdic tion, and punishing offenders. It does this mainly by ensuring that people enjoy their human rights without interfering with those of others; laws, policies and Acts are the main tools used for this purpose. However, it does not mean that human rights have to be written; since they are basic rights, it means that if someone infringes into the rights of others, it is clear, though there may be some complications where religion and culture are involved. The level at which a government can enforce human rights is dependent on the structure of the government, with ideal democracies and dictatorships having the most and least respect for human rights respectively. Nowadays many countries lie between these two extremes, and their level of human rights enforcement varies depending on how much they share a characteristic with these two opposite ends.3 Most constitutional republics have a clause of human rights in their supreme law, which is uniform across all states. The level of implementa tion of these rights varies from time to time as governments change, changes in political stability, social factors and other environmental factors. The state ensures that all its people’s rights are protected at all times as conditions may permit. For instance, the basic rights of the people are limited if the country is in a state of emergency or undergoing a military coup. Moreover, the state is charged with ensuring that all local or international individuals, corporates, and other entities respect the human rights of its citizens wherever they may be.4 State Analysis As mentioned above, various states have varied levels of implementation

The banking crisis of 2007-2008 precipitated the deepest global Essay

The banking crisis of 2007-2008 precipitated the deepest global recession since the 1930s and has led to calls for significantly - Essay Example In this case, obviously something went wrong somewhere or the signs were ignored. Part I of the paper will critically assess whether or not this crisis has fundamentally undermined the corporate governance frameworks in both the UK and USA. Part II of the paper will assess how to change the current frameworks to lessen the likelihood of a recurrence in the future. PART I: The Banking Crisis of 2007-2008 and its Impact on World Economies It all started with an excess of lending in the mortgage sector of the USA. The economy was going well and life was good. It seemed that the good times were here to last and there was no letting up. In the UK things were largely happening in a similar vein. Lending on mortgage loans had assumed alarming proportions as had consumer credit; it was said that the UK economy in 2007-2008 was the most indebted in the world (UK House Building Market Report, July 2010). Bankers were even giving housing loans to consumers whose credit history was patchy- meani ng that they had defaulted on loans in the past and were likely to default again- and pocketing fees and commissions in the process. This is called the sub-prime mortgage sector. And then it finally happened. Bankers who had previously considered even people with a bad credit history as good enough for taking a loan now began to cut back on lending in the interests of risk control and compliance. As the economy shrunk and credit dried up, bankers began to call on the sub-prime mortgages and the consumers were left with nowhere to turn to. Imagine their predicament as interest rates rose up and they had to give up their houses because they could not pay up the loan instalments. It was havoc and pandemonium in the housing sector. As the crisis deepened, the banks that had not provided adequately for bad debts in the real estate sector were adversely affected. Merrill Lynch and Lehman Brothers in the USA and Northern Rock in the UK were institutions that were brought down by the crisis ; others like Royal Bank of Scotland were forced to sell off parts of their businesses, divest and re-organize themselves. For institutions like international banks, who have diversified their investment portfolios across the world in different continents to spread risk, it was inevitable that their holdings were impacted in some way or the other. AIG and Citibank in the USA, Deutsche Bank in Europe, Citigroup in the USA and Standard Chartered in the UK were all offered stimulus packages that have helped them recover rather than join the ranks of the bankrupt companies. To date in excess of 400 small and large banks have had to bite the dust. At the Heart of the Crisis At the heart of the banking crisis lies the root cause of it all. Actually it is never one factor but a combination of factors that interact or add on to the unfolding crisis and make it inevitable. Prior to the 1930s crash was the period of the Roaring Twenties, a time of unprecedented growth and stability. People ha d borrowed against everything they had and even resorted to margin trading to take advantage of the stock market boom. It seemed that the bull market would last forever. But by July 8, 1932 the DJIA had lost 88 percent of its value and closed at 41.22, its lowest point in the 20th century. By 1933 the depression

Of Ocado Chief Executive Tim Steiner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Of Ocado Chief Executive Tim Steiner - Essay Example wastage include indicating a â€Å"use by† label on their products and donating foods that exceed the guaranteed product life but are within product’s â€Å"use by† dates. Carbon emission and food wastage reduction are important initiatives because they uphold a clean and safe environment that benefits businesses and the community at large. Ocado takes deliberate initiatives to reward and appreciate its employees. The company’s employee benefits package includes allowing its employees to own its share with an aim to give them a sense of ownership over the company. It does this through its Ocado Sharesave Scheme that enables employees to save and own shares proportional to their savings. This is an important element of corporate social responsibility because employees are crucial to the success of any business. Charitable donations are an important element of Ocado’s corporate social responsibility. It has a charity committee that organizes events and devices ways of raising funds. Ocado has given to Macmillan Cancer Support, British Heart Foundation and NSPCC. Charitable donations show a company’s selflessness and

The banking crisis of 2007-2008 precipitated the deepest global Essay

The banking crisis of 2007-2008 precipitated the deepest global recession since the 1930s and has led to calls for significantly - Essay Example In this case, obviously something went wrong somewhere or the signs were ignored. Part I of the paper will critically assess whether or not this crisis has fundamentally undermined the corporate governance frameworks in both the UK and USA. Part II of the paper will assess how to change the current frameworks to lessen the likelihood of a recurrence in the future. PART I: The Banking Crisis of 2007-2008 and its Impact on World Economies It all started with an excess of lending in the mortgage sector of the USA. The economy was going well and life was good. It seemed that the good times were here to last and there was no letting up. In the UK things were largely happening in a similar vein. Lending on mortgage loans had assumed alarming proportions as had consumer credit; it was said that the UK economy in 2007-2008 was the most indebted in the world (UK House Building Market Report, July 2010). Bankers were even giving housing loans to consumers whose credit history was patchy- meani ng that they had defaulted on loans in the past and were likely to default again- and pocketing fees and commissions in the process. This is called the sub-prime mortgage sector. And then it finally happened. Bankers who had previously considered even people with a bad credit history as good enough for taking a loan now began to cut back on lending in the interests of risk control and compliance. As the economy shrunk and credit dried up, bankers began to call on the sub-prime mortgages and the consumers were left with nowhere to turn to. Imagine their predicament as interest rates rose up and they had to give up their houses because they could not pay up the loan instalments. It was havoc and pandemonium in the housing sector. As the crisis deepened, the banks that had not provided adequately for bad debts in the real estate sector were adversely affected. Merrill Lynch and Lehman Brothers in the USA and Northern Rock in the UK were institutions that were brought down by the crisis ; others like Royal Bank of Scotland were forced to sell off parts of their businesses, divest and re-organize themselves. For institutions like international banks, who have diversified their investment portfolios across the world in different continents to spread risk, it was inevitable that their holdings were impacted in some way or the other. AIG and Citibank in the USA, Deutsche Bank in Europe, Citigroup in the USA and Standard Chartered in the UK were all offered stimulus packages that have helped them recover rather than join the ranks of the bankrupt companies. To date in excess of 400 small and large banks have had to bite the dust. At the Heart of the Crisis At the heart of the banking crisis lies the root cause of it all. Actually it is never one factor but a combination of factors that interact or add on to the unfolding crisis and make it inevitable. Prior to the 1930s crash was the period of the Roaring Twenties, a time of unprecedented growth and stability. People ha d borrowed against everything they had and even resorted to margin trading to take advantage of the stock market boom. It seemed that the bull market would last forever. But by July 8, 1932 the DJIA had lost 88 percent of its value and closed at 41.22, its lowest point in the 20th century. By 1933 the depression

How does Steinbeck use characters in the novel Essay Example for Free

How does Steinbeck use characters in the novel Essay Of Mice and Men is a novel about two migrant workers, George and Lennie and their travels to a ranch and their time spent there. The novel is set in Soledad during the 1930s Depression. Steinbeck presents the theme loneliness through the use of the characters. The men at the ranch are lonely because they spend the majority of their time travelling from one ranch to another therefore they dont have time to settle and build friendships. At the time the novel was set the US was suffering from the Great Depression, this was caused by the Stock Market crash in 1929 and this crippled that nations economy. These economic problems aggravated a host of social problems, including, unemployment, poverty; Breakdown of families and homelessness, resulting in an increase in loneliness. George one of the novels main protagonist travels around with Lennie as his companion, George is still lonely because Lennie is mentally handicapped therefore George cannot have conversation and devotes the majority of his energy in looking after Lennie and keeping him out of trouble, But he gets into trouble alla time because hes so God damn dumb.. This clearly shows Georges frustration towards Lennie for continually getting into trouble. George fell silent. He wanted to talk. Slim neither encouraged or discouraged him. This displays Georges desperation to talk to someone as he as gone so long without a normal conversation. Candy is an old swamper with one hand; he has an old blind dog which is his last possession and only companion. This shows that Candy was dependent on the dog for company and the dog was dependent on Candy to survive as the dog was unable to do anything for itself. Candy was already lonely and on his own and he knew that as soon as he became unable to clean the ranch he would be sacked because he would have become useless. Jus as soon as I cant swamp out no bunk houses theyll put me on the county. This explains what he feels will happen to him when he can no longer clean and he believes that he will be sacked and kicked out. He feels this way before his dog is killed, once his dog has been shot his whole world crashed down in front of him, and he wants to be shot just like his dog. When they can me here I wisht somebodyd shoot me. He believes that he no longer has a purpose in life. I think Steinbeck included the shooting of candys dog in the novel because it shows how candys life deteriorates after the painful loss of his only companion. The shooting symbolises how people during that time became dependent on possessions such as dogs for companionship, and how when these things are taken away peoples lives are destroyed, because they have become reliant on their dogs for such a long time, due to the depression they have been unable to build friendships because of the endless travelling from job to job. And this is reflected in the novel because George and Lennie have been moving from job to job. Crooks is a black stable-buck, he is extremely lonely because he is segregated from the other workers and has no choice but to live alone in the stable. Cause Im black. They play cards in there, but I cant play because Im black. This shows his loneliness, because he is not allowed to interact with the white workers because he is black. Steinbeck has presented Crooks as a character with a crooked back. His body was bent down to the left. This makes him appear as if he is bowing to every one else in the play, this shows his lower status which could suggest a lower class, which increases his loneliness. At the time the novel was written black people were segregated from white members of society and could be arrested for insignificant things, also the KKK (Klu Klux Klan) were known to kill black people frequently, for no reasons at all. I believe that Steinbeck has used characters effectively to explore how migrant workers in this time were lonely and desperate for companionship. He incorporates cultural factors in the novel through the different characters to explore loneliness from different perspectives.

Homeostasis Within the Nervous System

Homeostasis Within the Nervous System Section one Homeostasis is the condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to the consistent interaction of the body’s main regulatory processes (Tortora and Derrickson, 2009). This process developed by Claude Bernard in 1865 and then named by Walter Cannon in 1926, is used by the endocrine and nervous system in order to maintain a psychological internal environment disregarding external influences. As the environment is always changing the body is constantly trying to regulate factors within it such as water concentration, PH levels, Oxygen levels, nutrients, urea and levels of salt, sugar and electrolytes. During homeostatic regulation the body uses negative feedback to move the body back to within its normal range of values. To do this a receptor detects and responds to a stimuli from the internal or external environment , once detected the receptor sends information of the stimuli down the afferent pathway to a controller. Once received the controller then determines an appropriate response to the stimuli and sends a signal down the efferent pathway to the effector. Once received the effector then makes a change in order to balance out the effects of the stimuli and once again create a dynamic equilibrium within the body. Body temperature is regulated by the autonomic nervous system. Once body temperature rises above the norm it stimulates temperature receptors in the skin dermis, information regarding this change is then sent to the controller which in this instance is the hypothalamus within the brain. The hypothalamus then processes the information and sends a signal to the effect or to start the process of negative feedback. The effector responds by starting the process of vasodilation which in this case would cause the sweat gland to activate in order to lower the body’s core temperature. Without homeostasis a homeostatic imbalance could occur, organisms need to be able to maintain nearly constant internal environments in order to survive grow and function properly (Guyton and Hall, 2006). Enzymes within the body operate to their full potential within a specific range of conditions. By maintaining PH levels and body temperature enzyme linked reactions can occur efficiently. By maintaining changes in water potential homeostasis protects essential cells needed for processes within the body. Changes in water potential could possibly affect the amount of water within tissue fluid and cells, this could potentially cause the cells to desiccate or burst. Therefore, failure to maintain this could possibly lead to a positive feedback mechanism taking over and the possibility of further complications or death. Section 2 The endocrine system consists of glands that are present throughout the body and secrete hormones in order to control actions that maintain homeostasis, preparing the body for the process of fight or flight, controlling growth and controlling sexual development and reproduction. The glands which make up the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, the islet of Langerhans in the pancreas, pineal, the ovaries and testes. Hormones are chemical messengers that are released into the bloodstream; they are carried within blood plasma and affect target cells. Target cells have receptors that attach to specific hormones which have their own receptor. The hormones that are secreted are slower acting however are long-lasting and are good for assisting in areas within the internal environment that require constant adjustments. Therefore assisting with homeostasis. Glucose enters the blood from the small intestine, the body’s blood glucose levels are monitored by a gland called the Islet of Langerhans which is located within the pancreas. A bodies normal range of blood glucose levels are between 4-8mmol/l, these levels frequently change due to eating and exercise. A stable blood glucose level is important within the internal environment as it provides the brain with a strong energy source to enable it to operate and also enables mitochondria to produce Adenosine Triphosphate which is used by cells to perform some of the body’s most important functions such as respiration. Homeostatic regulation of glucose happens when the pancreas detects that the glucose levels become too high or too low as blood passes through it. In the event of Hypoglycemia, where the glucose levels becoming too low the receptor, that is found on the surface of alpha cells within the pancreas stop the production of insulin and start to produce a controller, th e hormone glucagon. Glucagon then stimulates the stores of glycogen in the liver and muscles to convert back to glucose, this process is called glycogenesis. If this is not enough to bring the sugar levels back to normal, glucagon begins to convert fatty acids in to glucose using a process called Gluconeogenesiswithin the effectors. The effectors in this situation are the liver cells, muscles cells and fatty cells. Once converted the glucose is then released into the blood stream causing the bodies glucose levels to rise. In addition to this process, during periods of intense exercise where glucose levels drop the hormone adrenaline will convert glycogen into glucose. In the event of Hyperglycemia, where glucose levels become too high, the receptor which is located on the surface of the beta cells within the pancreas produce a controller to counter act the effects. The controller in this instance is a hormone called insulin. Once insulin is secreted into the bloodstream, glucose lev els within the body decrease because the excess glucose is converted into glycogen through a process called Glycogenesis within the effectors, namely the liver cells and muscles cells. Section 3 Within the process of homeostasis the nervous system detects and responds to adaptions within the body’s internal and external environments by sending fast electrical impulses through nerves to the brain which instructs an effector and enables them to react quickly and return the body to a state of equilibrium. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system which is subdivided into the spinal cord and the brain and the peripheral nervous system which is subdivided into the somatic nervous system which controls our voluntary muscles and the autonomic nervous system which controls our involuntary muscles which helps to create homeostatic regulation of functions within the body such as heart rate. Nerves within these subdivisions transport impulses between the central nervous system and the body. Blood pressure is the force applied on the inner walls of the blood vessels within the body by blood. Blood pressureis measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), A blood press ure reading below 130/80mmHg is considered to be normal (NHS Choices) The first numerical factor within a blood pressure reading is the systolic pressure of the blood which is the amount of beats you heart makes per minutes to pump blood away from the heart. The second numerical factor refers to the diastolic pressure which is the pressure of the blood when tour heart is at rest, in-between beats. During homeostatic regulation of blood pressure if a baroreceptor located in the aortic arch and internal carotid arteries detects a decrease in blood pressure it will send fewer impulses to the controllers, the cardiac centre and the vasomotor centre located in the medulla oblongata of the brain simultaneously. By sending fewer impulses to the cardiac centre it excites the sympathetic impulses and inhibits the parasympathetic impulses. This process excites the effector, Sino-atrial node in order to increase the heart rate, by doing this it causes the hearts cardiac output to increase. Alo ngside this process the fewer impulses being sent to the controller, the vasomotor centre also excites the sympathetic impulses which cause the effector, the smooth muscle within the arterioles to constrict this results in vasoconstriction and increased peripheral resistance. The combinations of these processes cause the blood pressure to increase back to within a normal range. During the detection of high blood pressure by the baroreceptors it sends more impulses to the controllers, the cardiac centre and the vasomotor centre simultaneously. By sending decreasing impulses to the cardiac centre it decreases sympathetic input and an increase in parasympathetic input which decreases the heart rate and cardiac output. Alongside this process the increase in impulses to the vasomotor centre causes an effector, the smooth muscle in the arterioles to dilate. This results in vasodilation and peripheral resistance decreases causing blood pressure to decrease. In addition to the baroreceptors , the kidneys are also involved in the monitoring of blood pressure. If blood pressure decreases the kidneys release a hormone called renin that caused the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone. The release of aldosterone causes the kidneys to retain sodium and allows water to flow without resistance causing blood volume and pressure to rise. Section 4 Nephrotic syndrome tends to affect primary school age children. Between two and four children in every 100,000 develop nephrotic syndrome (NHS GOSH) Nephrotic syndrome is a condition where the glomeruli leak a substantial amount of protein therefore not enough protein remains in the blood to enable it to soak up water. This causes the water to move into body tissues causing oedema which presents itself as severe swelling. Proteins provide the body with antibodies this can cause a child with nephrotic syndrome to have a low immune system which results in an increased risk of infection. Other complications of this condition is difficulties in growth and development and prone to blood clots. If protein continues to leak this can lead to a loss of kidney function and ultimately kidney failure. A treatment option for this condition is a medication called furosemide, a loop diuretic that obstructs the reabsorption of sodium and water in the ascending loop of hele, achieved through competitive inhibition. This causes the osmotic gradient through the nephron to be destroyed due to the lumen becoming more hypertonic. This enables the kidn ey to secrete sodium onto the collecting ducts, attracting water volume which is then excreted by the bladder by producing more urine. This will result in less water retention in tissue that would be putting pressure on organs such as the lungs. The Electronic Medicines Compendium States that the pharmacodynamics properties of Furosemide are, it promotes sodium and chloride reabsorption. Furosemide inhibits mechanisms in the epithelial cells in order for sodium and chloride to enter and is transported through the secretory pathway in the proximal tubule. It decreases renal excretion of uric acid and increases loss of potassium in the urine and excretion of ammonia by the kidney. The dosages available for children with oedema as stated by the BNF for Children are orally. Neonate 0.5–2mg/kg every 12–24 hours (every 24 hours if corrected gestational age under 31 weeks),Child 1 month–12 years 0.5–2mg/kg 2–3 times daily (every 24 hours if corrected gestational age under 31 weeks); higher doses may be required in resistant oedema; max. 12mg/kg daily, not to exceed 80mg daily, Child 12–18 years 20–40mg daily, increased in resistant oedema to 80–120mg daily. Through a slow intravenous injection, Neonate 0.5–1mg/kg every 12–24 hours (every 24 hours if corrected gestational age under 31 weeks), Child 1 month–12 years 0.5–1mg/kg repeated every 8 hours as necessary; max. 2mg/kg (max. 40mg) every 8 hours and a Child 12–18 years 20–40mg repeated every 8 hours as necessary; higher doses may be required in resistant cases Through a continuous intravenous infusion ,Child 1 month–18 years 0.1–2mg/kg/hour (following cardiac surgery, initially 100micrograms/kg/hour, doubled every 2 hours until urine output exceeds 1mL/kg/hour) The Pharmacokinetic properties as stated by the Electronic Medicine Compendium of Furosemide are that it is a weak carboxylic acid which exists in the gastro-intestinal tract. Furosemide is rapidly absorbed but 60-70% id absorbed on oral administration within the upper duodenum at PH level 5.0. Furosemide binds to albumin proteins and the volume of distribution ranges between 170 – 270 ml/Kg. 69-97% is excreted in the first four hours after the drug is given and 80-90% of Furosemide is excreted through the kidneys. Reference list Tortora, G.T. and Derrickson, B.H. (2009) Principles of Anatomy and Physiology: Organisation, Support, Movement, and Control Systems of the Human Body. 12th ed. Asia: John Wiley and Sons. Guyton, A.C. and Hall, J.E. (2010) Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier Inc. NHS Choices (2014) High Blood Pressure Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Blood-pressure-(high)/Pages/Introduction.aspx [Accessed 19.11.2014]. NHS GOSH (2012) Childhood nephrotic syndrome information Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/Pages/Introduction.aspx [Accessed 22.11.2014] BNF for Children (2014-2015) FUROSEMIDE Available from: https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/bnfc/current/PHP11437-lasix.htm?q=furosemidet=searchss=textp=3#PHP11437-lasix [Accessed 23.11.2014] Electronic Medicine Compendium (2014) Furosemide 10mg/ml Solution for Injection or Infusion, 20mg in 2ml and 250mg in 25ml Available from: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/20958 [Accessed 23.11.2014]

Frankenstein Vs. Bladerunner Essay -- Mary Shelley James Riddley-Scott

As society changes around us, we spot things we never noticed before: high divorce rates, murder rates, and drug use just to name a few. James Riddley-Scott and Mary Shelley noticed and had a fear of child abandonment. In Frankenstein, Shelley explores this subject through the viewpoint of a man, Victor, who creates a child so hideous that he cannot bear to look at it, and consequently deserts it. In Blade Runner, Scott explores this matter through a businessman, Tyrell, who makes replicants of humans, the Nexus 6, gives them only four years to live, and sells them as slaves. The children of these creators turn out to be smarter and more human than expected, and revolt against the way society treats them, giving us all a lesson in parenting and child development.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Shelley?fs Frankenstein, Victor brings a monster to life only to abandon it out of fear and horror. ?gThe beauty of the dream had vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart?h (Shelley, 35). The reader must question the ethics of Victor. After all, he did bring this creature upon himself. This renunciation later comes to haunt Victor, and hurts his creation more than Victor can ever imagine. When Victor leaves the monster, Shelley is exploring abandonment by the parent. Later in the novel, when the monster tries to confront Victor and Victor shows that he does not want any part of the Monster by saying ?gBegone, vile insect! Or rather, stay, that I may trample you to dust!?h(74). Shelley is showing us that the monster is not being nurtured, as a child should. Blade Runner also looks at the roles of parenting and abandonment. When first meeting Tyrell, Roy states, ?gIt's not an easy thing to meet your maker?h, Scott reveals that the Nexus 6 have been discarded by their family, and have had a lack of a loving relationship throughout their lives. The idea that parents play a double role as parent and creator continues throughout the stories. Tyrell is looked at as a parent and a way for a longer life. Sebastian and Roy meet Tyrell by riding in an elevator as though acceding to heaven where Tyrell lives. When they enter the businessman?fs bedroom, Tyrell demandingly asks Sebastian, ?gmilk and cookies been keeping you awakeh just as a father would talk to his son. In Frankenstein, Victor is viewed as a father or God figure that can create another life, an Eve for his Ad... ...e your child no matter how he or she may look like or act. Victor and Tyrell saw their creations as less than human, and therefore treated them as such. If we see our children as less than human, and we neglect them, they may grow to believe that they are monsters. Shelley and Scott believed this, and set out to prove a point. One day our children will grow up, and they will no longer have a clean slate. A grown-up child will reflect all that we have taught them, good or evil. Scott and Shelley wanted to convey to all parents that, to their children at least, they are more than just disciplinarians. They can be the ones to teach about love, and they can bring more meaning into the lives they have created. List of Works Cited Blade Runner. Dir. James Riddley-Scott. Perf. Harrison Ford, Joe Turkel, Sean Young, Rutger Hauer, Daryl Hannah, Joanna Cassidy, Brion James, William Sanderson, M. Emmett Walsh, Edward James Olmos, Morgan Paull, Columbia Tri-Star, 1982 Chapman, Murray. Blade Runner Frequently Asked Questions. October 1994 . Shelley Mary. Frankenstein. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.

Should We Really Give Children the Vote? :: Exploratory Essays

Should We Really Give Children the Vote? Sixteen year old Vita Wallace is an activist for children’s rights. In her argument, â€Å"Give children the vote,† she attempts to show that an injustice has been made to citizens of the United States. Wallace’s major claim, or thesis (McFadden, 2003), is that citizens under the age of 18 shouldn’t be denied the right to vote on account of age. Rather, she argues, children should be allowed to vote at whatever age suits them individually. By saying individually, she is using a qualifier, words and phrases used to limit and modify the overgeneralization of claims (McFadden). It is important that Wallace uses the term individually, because she recognizes that an age limit would be inappropriate for some children. After this point, most of the essay is dedicated to her opinion on why it is important for children to vote. Wallace’s uses appeal to the reader’s values, also known as warrants (McFadden). The emotional pleas may cause the audi ence to stop and consider her logic, but lack of facts and evidence leaves the argument unconvincing. With her jumpy writing and scattered thoughts the argument is hard to read, and even harder to believe. Therefore, I found the essay to be unsuccessful in persuading my opinion. The logic and evidence used to support her major claim, known as grounds (McFadden) is hard to find. The strongest evidence in the whole essay is statistics of eligible adult voters. With this information, she points out that only 36-40 percent of eligible adults actually vote. However, 25 percent of the population is under the age of 18, leading to Wallace’s statement that â€Å"Although elected representatives are responsible for all of us, they are responsible to only a few of us† (Wallace, 1998, p. 146). This statement would be effective but Wallace loses her credibility at the end of the paragraph when she calls politicians and voters selfish. By doing this she is using a fallacy, statements based on poor logic and mistaken belief (Clark, p. 81). By saying they are selfish she is using an Ad Hominem argument, which is an attack on the person rather than the issue (Clark, 1998, p. 83). Throughout the essay Wallace develops many minor claims, which are secondary statements supporting the major claim (McFadden). Right away she discusses â€Å"Discriminatory laws† which prevent high school drop-outs from getting their driver’s licenses.

Massey Coal

Massey Coal Case A person is morally responsible for an injury or a wrong if: 1. the person caused or helped caused it, or failed to prevent it when he or she could have and should have 2. the person did so knowing what he or she was doing 3. the person did so of his or her own free will Question 1 Massey Energy Company should be held morally responsible for the deaths of the 29 miners. The U. S. Mine Safety and Health Administration issued â€Å"too much† citations for the violations in the mines Massey Energy Company owned.The company always challenged several of the citations and corrected enough of the significant and substantial violations to allow its total violations to fall below the level needed to force its closure. This means in terms of safety, the company only make significant safety change in order for their mines not to be totally closed but not make a major safety changes in order to follow all the guidelines of MSHA and eliminate all possible endangerment in t he mines. Massey should be held morally responsible because of the lack of effort the company put in to improve the safety quality in their mines.Question 2 Don Blankenship should be held morally responsible for the deaths of the 29 miners. Don wrote a memo stating that managers should concentrate on producing coal and not waste time responding to requests to fix things. It was not clear what had ignited the explosion of April 5 but it was almost certain that is was caused by accumulations of methane and coal dust. If Don had enforced the managers to focused more on the safety of the mines and the miners so that they are up to MSHA safety standards rather than only to concentrate on producing coal, the April 5 incident could well be prevented.Don Blankenship lack of care for the miners and prioritizing profit over safety are enough reasons for him to be held morally responsible for the deaths of the 29 miners. Question 3 MSHA should somehow be held morally responsible for the deaths of the 29 miners. First of all, the company does not operate up to the standard when it comes to protecting the lives of the miners. The agency was understaffed and its inspectors were overworked. Also, the week before the mine explosion, half of the agency’s inspectors failed to attend required training courses and the agency neither kept track of their attendance nor did it sanction them.Not only that, but the company can’t shut down a mine unless the total violations of these coal mine companies are above the level needed to force its closure. Most of the coal mine companies challenged MSHA’s citations and corrected enough of the significant violations so they fall below the shut-down level. This is irresponsible on MSHA’s side. Thy should enforce a tighter and stricter rules when it comes to violations. MSHA should not just imposed fines on the company but they should be more stern when it comes to safety violations by the company.Also, waiting until there is too much violations by the company to close the mines will endanger the lives of the miners. When people lives are on stake, MSHA surely are not up to the standard of that task. Question 4 The miners had some idea of the risks of working in the Upper Big Branch mine however that is not enough for them to be held any responsibility for their own deaths. Don Blankenship had released a memo to the managers specifically stating to ignore wasting time responding to requests to fix things. Managers then would be afraid to object to Don Blankenship requests since they could get fired.During the congressional hearing, survivors and relatives of those who had died testified. Most of the testimony states that they are afraid to go to management and express their fears of the lack of safety in the mine. They are afraid management would look for ways to fire them. So afraid of being fired, miners should not be held responsible for their own deaths because of the lack of freedom they h ave to express their feelings. Question 5 There is a huge difference between mines without unions like the Massey mines and other mines that had unions.The huge difference is the safety regulations. A union would fought for better enforcement of safety regulations to protect the miners. According to the testimony of Gary Quarles, the huge difference is when MSHA inspector comes to the mines. When an MSHA inspector comes onto a Massey mine property, the code words go out â€Å"we’ve got a man on the property. † When the word goes pit all effort is made to correct any deficiencies or direct the inspector’s attention away from any deficiencies. Also when an MSHA inspector comes to a Massey mine, he/she is only accompanied by Massey people.No coal miner at the mine can point out areas of concern to the MSHA inspector. While in union mines, workers at the mine would accompany the MSHA inspectors during the inspections. Workers also have the right to refuse to work in unsafe conditions without fear of their job. Clearly, in mines without unions like Massey, the people are trying to deceive MSHA inspectors to that they would not get citations for different violations. Seeing the huge difference in enforcing safety regulations, all mines should be forced to have a union. Question 6The average salary for all jobs in the United States is $43,000 while miners in the Upper Big Branch mine were paid $60,000. Even though a work of a miner required no more than a high school education, the risk of their job is very high, probably the highest. Wages will fail to provide a level of compensation proportional to the risks of a job when markets do not register risks because the risks are not yet known. For example, the health risks involved in mining or using a certain mineral such as manganese may not be known until many years afterward. In this case, wages will not fully compensate for risks.Workers also might accept risks unknowingly because they do not ha ve adequate accept to information concerning those risks. Workers don’t have the money or the tool to collect information needed to assess the risks of the jobs they accept. Workers might accept known risks out of desperation because they lack the mobility to enter other less risky industries or because they lack information of the alternatives available to them. Massey is only paying $17,000 more than the average of all jobs in the United States. Knowing all the risks as a miner such as exposure to methane nd all other lethal gases and also the high rate of accidents in Upper Big Branch mine due to poor safety regulations, a wage of $60,000 surely does not cover the all the risks that the miners are exposed to. Only $17,000 more on the wage of the miners than the average wage of all the jobs in the U. S. is not an ethical approach by the company. There is a far more safer job even though they are lower in wages. But the $60,000 in wages is not worth it for the miners conside ring all the job risks Massey doesn’t account for. So, Massey was not handling job risk in an ethically appropriate manner. Question 7Massey Energy Company did not fulfill a lot of ethical obligations. The company violated the ethics of care. An ethic of care says they we should care for those dependent on and related to us. The miners are dependent of the managers and CEO of the company to enforce tighter and stricter safety regulations, however Massey failed to do so. The company violated the ethics of pollution control. Massey was faced with the problem of disposing millions of gallons of coal slurry the mines were producing. They did not control their pollution of coal slurry into the environment, thus violating the ethics of pollution control.Massey also violated different rights. Positive rights state that duties of other agents (Massey) to provide the holder of the right (the miners) with whatever he or she needs to freely pursue his or her interests. The miners intere st is to have a high quality safety regulations in the mines and Massey failed to provide this interest. Massey also failed the fairness of wages and the fairness of employee working conditions. The wage they are paying to the miners are not enough to cover all the job risks the miners are exposed to in the mine. Massey also failed to provide proper working condition in the Upper Big Branch.

Agriculture of the Mayas and the Ancient Egyptians Essay

Agriculture is in the heart of any great civilization, which in turn, erects great empires. The origins of empires all stem down to smaller pieces of civilizations. It is responsible for feeding and sustaining the vastness of great empires. Of course, one has to find a suitable place to harvest or hunt for food. Agriculture differs from one civilization to the next but it is all essentially important. Egyptians were actually a population consisting mainly of farmers. Mayans were no exception – they focused on agricultural needs and therefore developed advanced technology in that area. Agriculture is made up of many factors like water, soil, or landscape. A civilization needs to know how to cultivate crops first off because there are many ways in which one can take a plant. Different tools can be used for different crops and that highlights the start of a civilization. Then comes hunting, which is unique to each culture since the land provides certain animals for food and it is up to the population to decide which animal is most preferred and should be hunted for the most. After farming and hunting animals, the civilization decides what foods are more preferable and next time they would go for those crops or animals. This brings the civilization to domesticate preferable animals and grow preferable crops. It is a mix of mother nature and the preference of the civilization. The Egypt civilization developed in one of the largest dry desert areas in the world – larger than the whole of Europe. It would have been a miracle if people could settle there. People were able to inhabit it only possible because of the Nile River which crosses an almost rainless desert from south to north carrying the waters of Lake Victoria more than 3000 miles to the Mediterranean Sea. In ancient times, Egypt settled in the last 700 miles of this waterway. The land of Egypt had a poor variety of plants – there were very few trees. The wild fig and the acacia was the only common forest trees and they grow in a isolated fashion. There are also fruit trees such as the date and dom palms and the fig tree. Less trees meant that wood was scarce as well. It was less convenient for Egypt. In the dry conditions of the desert, there was a barely any plants, herbs or vegetables. It is miraculous how the Egyptians formed a culture with this poor agriculture. On the other hand, Mayans lived in the land of Mesoamerica, which had plentiful trees and resources. In their land, the animals were abundant and the climate was favorable. However, the Mayans had a great population of people and this meant that they would need a lot of food. Sustaining this large population meant that good farming methods would be necessary. Farming methods play an important part in agriculture. Some civilizations are more complex than others. However, advanced technology does not always win in agriculture. Sometimes, the good old common sense method will bring more to the table than intense and vicious cultivation. The way people cultivate crops will also reflect in their tools and becomes part of their culture. Agricultural technology depends on the land. The civilization can choose to be hostile or gentle depending on how much resources is available. The Mayans had a enormous amount of resources, therefore, Mayan farmers were aggressive on the land. They took on a method of swiden (shifting cultivation), which means they took what they needed and left the land to nature. However, this abandonment of corrupted land was not productive because they would run out of resources. The Mayans probably sensed this because they later evolved into a intensive multi-crop cultivation. They started to take care of the land. In this effort, much labor was needed to sustain the massive cultivation of crops. This concludes that most Mayans were farmers and were in the workforce of mass cultivation. Egyptian farming methods were not very advanced. The Egyptians favored simplicity. The farmers would supply water to their crops by first making trenches on the Nile River, bringing it as close as possible to the fields and then establishing a draw-well. In the case of a perennial garden, water would be carried to the square growing-beds in pairs of pottery jars suspended on long wooden poles on the shoulders of men. Where there was fertile land, they grew cash-crops to be sold for profit abroad. Egyptian farmers also utilized animals in their farming. For example, farmers would use sheep to help them grow corn. Farmers would start by filling a small bag with seed and scattering it across the field. After it is scattered, sheep would be driven over the freshly sowed fields. This helps pack the seeds in the soil. Using this method, farmers were able to handle large fields. This method saved the farmers a lot of time. The Mayans and the Egyptians both had different farming method. Both methods were molded to provide goods to their civilizations. Neither method was more superior. Even though Mayans had more advanced methods, Egyptians had to use very primitive tools because of the land they lived in. This restriction probably caused Egyptians to go for more simple methods. However, one thing is clear – Mayans had a much more developed farming technology than the Egyptians. A civilization will show its true colors when it comes to the hunting of animals. After an animal is captured, the people can choose to kill it or breed it. If a civilization is violent, they will hunt and kill animals to handle their hunger. However, a civilization which chooses to domesticate animals have a greater sense of respect and patience towards the animals. This will prove that the treatment of animals will reflect on the civilization. Farming was not the only important factor in Mayan agriculture. In fact, Mayan agriculture started with the hunting of wild animals and the cultivation of wild crops. Hunting animals is important to agriculture because different tools were made to hunt different animals. The Mayans loved hunting. In a study, researchers found that over 8 months, peasant- hunters carried out a total of 175 hunting trips. Most hunting was done during the dry season (January-April). Mayans really depended on wild animals for food. Therefore, the violence was necessary for their survival. Egyptians domesticated more animals than they hunted. They held animals as sacred and saw them as companions. Upon all animals, the Egyptians respected the ox the most. The Egyptians dressed them up and talked to them like humans. They even gave cattle as sacrifices to the gods. This meant that the Egyptians did not depend on the animals for food. This is a good example of how domestication of animals reflects the attitude of the civilization towards animals. In comparison, Mayans were much more violent towards animals than the Egyptians were. The Mayans saw the animals as food while the Egyptians saw them as something holy. However, animals were more abundant in the Mayan world when compared to Egypt. It could very well be that since Egyptians realized that there was a scarce amount of animals, they should be held sacred. In the Mayan culture, since they saw so much animals and they were more violent than the Egyptians, they probably decided that it was a better idea to eat these animals than to take time domesticating them. Therefore, the Mayans incorporated more meat in their diet than the Egyptians. The average diet of different civilizations will decide which foods were more popular in the culture and in turn what foods would be grown or hunted. This makes a difference in agriculture because not all foods are taken from the wild. If a certain food is liked more, the civilization will work to preserve it through farming or domestication. This is only in the case when that food is less abundant in the land and the civilization truly cannot live without the specific food. The food that was gathered from farming and hunting made up the diet of the Mayans. The everyday diet of this civilization also resembled the type of agriculture they had. For Mayans, they were lovers of corn. Their diets consisted of mostly corn. This reflected in their agriculture because they cultivated mostly corn. On the other hand, Mayans ate other crops too but their diet remained intensively to corn, beans and squash. When it came to meat, Mayans favored turkey over everything else. Turkey was prized in the Mayan culture – they hunted wild turkey most of the time. Mayans also knew about spices because they used chili peppers to spice up their food. Chili peppers was prized almost as much as corn since it was the main spice the Mayan used. Chili peppers were mass cultivated just like corn. The Mayan diet would seem very close to a vegetarian diet. However, they were also intensive hunters and that meant their diets contained meat as well. All in all, the Mayans had a he althy and simple diet consisting mostly of vegetables. The Egyptians held animals sacred and therefore, most Egyptians were vegetarians. In fact, the ox was seen as such a sacred animal that the Egyptians allowed the oxen to have meals with them. They fed the ox like how modern people would feed their dogs. They had a diet of mostly barley and wheat. The dependence on these foods meant that barley and wheat were extensively cultivated. There were also other foods such as corn and date fruits, but barley and wheat were favored among all else. Mayans and Egyptians were very different when it came down to diets. They did not have much in common. However, their diets showed how it could change agriculture. The more they loved a certain food and depend on it, the more it was seen in the fields of the farmers. For Mayans it was corn and for Egyptians, it was wheat and barley. Because they favored it, it was grown more. The farming of certain plants were questionable because it was not seen in the Mayan or Egyptian diet. However, further research shows that some plants were only cultivated for their medicinal purposes. Medicine plays an important part in agriculture because it comes from the land. As people learn to use the plant more for medical use, they are contributing to the growing agriculture. Civilizations usually made medicine from their surroundings. It is interesting to discover how the surrounding land was used to provide medicine for the civilization. The useage of medicine has a large effect on what herbs or plants were grown because if it was essential to the civilization, there was a higher production of these plants. Mayan medicine contained food. Some were from odd sources. For example, chili peppers was not only a condiment for their food. It was actually used as one of the medicine. As mentioned before, chili peppers were one of the most cultivated plants along with corn. This is a perfect example of how medicine played a role in agriculture. The Egyptians did not have much knowledge for medicine. They were naive enough to believe that the cure for all illnesses could be found on a particular plant they called Dgam, or the olive tree. The greater number of medicine were of vegetable origin. They depended very much on the land for medicine. However, in some cases, there were rare instances when animals were used for medicine – for example, pig teeth, lizard blood and putrid meat were among the favorites of the Egyptians for medicine use. The Mayans and Egyptians needed medicine to take care of their inhabitants. However, the methods they used were both very simple. The Mayans and Egyptians used different plants since they had different needs. The Mayans relied on food sources like the chili for cures. The Egyptians relied on plants like the olive tree, which did not do much for medicine. The olive tree was more spiritually healing rather than physically helpful. In the scope of medicine, Mayans win over the Egyptians because their medicine was more powerful and scientific. Egyptians only based their medicine on spiritual beliefs of another power living inside their medicine. Agriculture consists of many different factors but it has essentially the same idea – the gathering of people working together to keep each other alive. This collectiveness is the beginning of a civilization. The mass cultivation of crops needs storage places and tools for efficiency. People need to build homes to accommodate the storage of food. Settling down means relying on a certain area for food. Agriculture is always going to lead to the start of a civilization. Mayan built their civilization somewhere where the food is accessible. The surplus of food happened to be corn – that became their main diet. Hunting turkeys was a preference because the agriculture of the land called for turkeys. They developed complex systems to tend to their farms. The Mayans were famous for their stone pyramids. They used the most abundant source of material they could find in the land and that is part of agriculture. The food, the land and the lifestyle that the Mayans had depended largely in part to their agriculture. Egyptians built their civilization on the harshest of environments. However, they were able to use the Nile River to their advantage. The abundant amount of water in the Nile made it possible for Egyptians to build a truly exotic empire. The Egyptians were famous for their sandstone pyramids. Their pyramids consisted of the desert sand and it was made possible only because the abundance of agriculture was there. The Egyptians used the land to their advantage by incorporating the Nile River in their farming systems. They favored wheat and barley because there was a lot of it. The land gave them what they needed and they built upon that foundation. The Mayans and the Egyptians were both very different in agriculture. The Mayans had the luxury of abundant food. Nature provided Mayans with trees, animals, crops and water. Nature was not so generous with the Egyptians. Their land is probably the direct opposite of the Mayan land. They did not have abundant food and they did not have much animals either. The climate zones were also completely different. The Mayans had warm temperatures and moist environments. The Egyptians had to go through harsh, hot sun and sand storms. Although the Mayans and the Egyptians seemed like they had nothing in common, there was a few things that were similar in both civilizations. First off, the Mayans and the Egyptians both had pyramids. They built it with the most abundant source they could find. Another thing they had in common was the workforce. They both had farmers who worked together to mass cultivate crops. The Egyptian workforce and the Mayan workforce was pretty impressive due to the fact that it was all focused on farming. In both cases, they believed that agriculture was important to a civilization. Agriculture can be many things. It can be the way people hunt for resources, grow resources and use resources. Agriculture can be summed down to the abundance of resources. Once a civilization has settled down, the most abundant resource will begin to show in their culture. The heart of civilization is agriculture and it is as important because it will build up a civilization.